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- TECHNOLOGY, Page 74Japan's Underground Frontier
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- Proposed subterranean cities could help ease a space crunch
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- Underground. The word brings many unsavory adjectives to
- mind: dark, dank, clandestine, illegal. But in Japan the
- "underground" is becoming the new frontier and the best hope for
- solving one of the country's most intractable problems. With a
- population nearly half the size of the U.S.'s squeezed into an
- area no bigger than Montana, Japan has virtually no room left
- in its teeming cities. Developers have built towering
- skyscrapers and even artificial islands in the sea, but the
- space crunch keeps getting worse. Now some of Japan's largest
- construction companies think they have an answer: huge
- developments beneath the earth's surface where millions of
- people could work, shop and, perhaps eventually, make their
- homes. "An underground city is no longer a dream. We expect it
- to actually materialize in the early part of the next century,"
- says Tetsuya Hanamura, the chief of Taisei Corp.'s proposed
- development.
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- Taisei calls its project Alice City, after Lewis Carroll's
- heroine who went underground by way of a rabbit hole. The
- company, which has drawn up elaborate plans, envisions two huge
- concrete "infrastructure" cylinders, each 197 ft. tall and with
- a diameter of 262 ft., that would be built as much as 500 ft.
- belowground. They would house facilities for power generation,
- air conditioning and waste processing. Each cylinder would be
- connected by passages to a series of spheres, which would
- accommodate stores, theaters, sports facilities, offices and
- hotels. Taisei's initial $4.2 billion design could support
- 100,000 people.
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- Even more ambitious is the Urban Geo Grid proposed by
- Shimizu Corp. It would be an immense network of subterranean
- atriums connected by tunnels and filled with such facilities as
- offices, gymnasiums, libraries, exhibition halls and public
- baths. The project would be built 164 ft. below the ground,
- sprawl across 485 sq. mi. and accommodate 500,000 people. Not
- only would temperature and humidity be controlled, say the
- planners, but real sunlight would be reflected in through vents
- from the surface. Estimated cost: $80.2 billion.
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- Neither project has received an official go-ahead, but the
- Japanese government has set up task forces in several
- ministries to think about underground cities. Says Nobuhiko
- Sato, a high-ranking planner at the Construction Ministry: "The
- time has come to consider urban planning from the vertical
- viewpoint. Underground development has a great and realistic
- potential for alleviating congestion."
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- Japanese companies say they have the technology to build
- extensive subterranean projects without disturbing the people
- aboveground. The Tokyo Electric company already has a
- high-voltage power station right below a Buddhist temple.
- Engineers are confident that they can create enormous
- underground structures with little danger of cave-ins. They
- point to such construction breakthroughs as the 33.5-mile-long
- Seikan Tunnel, the world's longest underwater corridor, which
- connects Japan's main island of Honshu with Hokkaido to the
- north.
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- Nonetheless, serious questions remain. Though Japanese
- cities already have underground shopping malls and parking
- garages, their depth and size have been strictly limited by law.
- The reason: a devastating fire in an underground shopping mall
- in Shizuoka that killed 15 people in 1980. Subterranean
- structures are resistant to earthquakes and water leaks but
- generally vulnerable to fire and smoke. Architects believe they
- can beat the problem with sophisticated sensor systems to warn
- of fires and temporary shelters in which the inside air pressure
- is kept slightly higher than normal to repel smoke.
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- The biggest obstacle could be the psychological barrier to
- living away from the sun and sky. Critics see the potential for
- mass claustrophobia. For that reason, planners foresee few
- underground housing projects, at least initially. The idea is
- to move offices and stores beneath the surface to free up the
- land above for residential building. People would become
- vertical commuters, going down a huge elevator shaft to work.
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- The supporters of underground living believe it can be made
- comfortable with spacious, well-lighted enclosures and liberal
- use of plants that grow indoors. "Creating an illusion is not
- so difficult as one might think," says Shoji Takahashi, chief
- engineer for Asahi Television, which built a studio 66 ft. below
- Tokyo's fashionable Roppongi district. "When it's raining up
- there, we use a special shower to create a rainy night in the
- underground studio too."
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